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Creative Thinking for Research

Eight empirically grounded frameworks from cognitive science, applied to computer science and AI research. Unlike ad-hoc brainstorming, each framework here is backed by decades of creativity research — from Koestler's bisociation to Kauffman's adjacent possible. They target distinct cognitive operations: combining, reformulating, analogizing, constraining, inverting, abstracting, exploring boundaries, and holding contradictions.

When to Use This Skill

• Generating genuinely novel ideas, not incremental extensions of prior work
• Feeling trapped in a local optimum of thinking within a single subfield
• Wanting to systematically apply creativity heuristics rather than waiting for inspiration
• Preparing for a research retreat or PhD-level ideation session
• Bridging between fields and seeking structural (not superficial) connections

Do NOT use this skill when:

• You need structured project-level brainstorming workflows (use brainstorming-research-ideas)
• You have a well-defined problem and need execution help (use domain-specific skills)
• You need a literature survey (use scientific-skills:literature-review)

Relationship to Brainstorm skill: The brainstorm skill provides operational workflows (diverge → converge → refine) and practical filters. This skill provides the deeper cognitive engines that power creative leaps. Use them together: creative-thinking to generate raw insight, brainstorm to structure and evaluate it.

Framework 1: Combinatorial Creativity (Bisociation)

Novel ideas arise from combining existing concepts in unexpected ways. Arthur Koestler called this bisociation — connecting two previously unrelated frames of reference, as distinct from routine association within a single frame.

Why it works: Meta-research consistently shows that breadth of knowledge is a precursor to creative output. People who read across disciplines produce more novel work. The combination itself is the creative act.

In CS Research:

• Biological evolution → optimization (genetic algorithms)
• Game theory → networking (mechanism design for routing)
• Statistical physics → machine learning (Boltzmann machines, energy-based models)
• Linguistics → programming (type theory, formal grammars)

Systematic Bisociation Workflow:

1. Select two domains you have at least passing familiarity with
2. List core primitives in each domain (5-10 fundamental concepts per domain)
3. Create a cross-product matrix: row = concepts from Domain A, column = concepts from Domain B
4. For each cell, ask: "What would it mean to apply A's concept to B's problem?"
5. Filter: Which combinations produce a non-trivial, testable research question?
6. Validate structural depth: Is the connection mechanistic or merely metaphorical?

Cross-Product Example:

Quality Test: A strong bisociation is not a surface metaphor ("the network is like a brain") but a structural mapping where the mechanism transfers ("attention mechanisms implement a form of selective gating analogous to cognitive attention filtering").

Self-Check:

• Is the connection structural (mechanisms map) or merely verbal (labels map)?
• Does the combination generate testable predictions?
• Would an expert in both fields find the connection non-obvious but sound?

Framework 2: Problem Reformulation (Representational Change)

Gestalt psychologists identified that breakthroughs often come not from solving the problem as stated, but from re-representing the problem itself. Kaplan and Simon's work on insight shows that changing the problem space — the constraints, the abstraction level, the formalism — is often where creativity lives.

The Key Shift: From "How do I solve this problem?" to "Am I even thinking about this problem correctly?"

Reformulation Strategies:

Workflow:

1. State your current problem in one sentence
2. Identify the hidden assumptions in that statement:
   • What formalism are you using? (Could you use a different one?)
   • What is the objective? (Is it the right objective?)
   • What level of granularity? (Could you go coarser or finer?)
   • Who is the agent? (Could you shift perspective?)
3. For each assumption, generate the alternative: "What if [opposite assumption]?"
4. For each alternative, ask: "Does this reformulation make the problem easier, harder, or different in a useful way?"
5. A reformulation that makes a hard problem easy is often a publishable insight on its own

Classic CS Examples:

• PageRank: Reformulated "find important web pages" from content analysis to graph eigenvalue problem
• Dropout: Reformulated "prevent overfitting" from regularization to approximate ensemble
• Attention: Reformulated "handle long sequences" from remembering everything to selectively querying

Framework 3: Analogical Reasoning (Structure-Mapping)

Dedre Gentner's structure-mapping theory and Kevin Dunbar's studies of real scientists show that analogy is the core engine of scientific creativity. The critical finding: surface-level analogies are common but weak; structural or relational analogies — where the deep causal/relational structure maps across domains — produce the most powerful insights.

Dunbar's Finding: In the most successful labs, analogies from distant domains drove the most important discoveries. Nearby analogies refined ideas; distant analogies generated them.

Levels of Analogical Depth:

Structure-Mapping Workflow:

1. Describe your problem using only relational/causal language (strip domain-specific nouns)
   • Bad: "We need to improve transformer attention efficiency"
   • Good: "We have a system that must selectively aggregate information from a large set, where relevance is context-dependent and the cost scales quadratically with set size"
2. Search for structural matches: What other systems selectively aggregate from large sets?
   • Database query optimization, visual attention in neuroscience, information retrieval, resource allocation
3. Pick the most distant match with genuine structural fidelity
4. Map the solution mechanism: How does the source domain solve this?
5. Transfer and adapt: What changes when you bring that mechanism into your domain?
6. Generate predictions: The analogy should tell you something you didn't already know

Validation Checklist:

• Does the mapping preserve causal/relational structure (not just labels)?
• Can I identify at least one prediction the analogy makes in my domain?
• Would an expert in the source domain confirm the mechanism is correctly understood?
• Is the analogy non-obvious to my target audience?

Framework 4: Constraint Manipulation (Boden's Framework)

Margaret Boden's framework distinguishes three forms of creativity based on how they interact with constraints:

Transformational creativity is the rarest and highest-impact. It happens when you change what is even considered a valid solution.

Constraint Analysis Workflow:

1. List the constraints of your current approach (5-10 constraints):
   • Computational: "Must fit in GPU memory"
   • Methodological: "Requires labeled data"
   • Architectural: "Uses fixed-length context"
   • Evaluative: "Measured by accuracy on benchmark X"
2. Classify each constraint:
   • Hard: Physically or logically necessary (cannot violate)
   • Soft: Convention or historical accident (can question)
   • Hidden: Not stated but implicitly assumed (most fertile for innovation)
3. For each soft/hidden constraint, ask:
   • What if we relaxed it? (streaming algorithms from relaxing "fits in memory")
   • What if we tightened it? (efficiency research from tightening compute budgets)
   • What if we replaced it with a different constraint entirely?
4. The most productive move is often exposing and dropping a hidden constraint

Classic Examples of Constraint Transformation:

• "Data must fit in memory" → dropped → streaming algorithms, external memory
• "Training requires human labels" → dropped → self-supervised learning
• "Models must be deterministic" → dropped → variational methods, diffusion
• "Inference must happen in one pass" → dropped → iterative refinement, chain-of-thought

Framework 5: Negation and Inversion

Take a core assumption in your field and negate it. This is formalized in De Bono's lateral thinking and the TRIZ methodology from engineering.

The Pattern: "What if [widely held assumption] is wrong, unnecessary, or invertible?"

Systematic Negation Workflow:

1. List 5-10 core assumptions in your subfield (the things "everyone knows")
2. Negate each one and ask: What system would you build?
3. Evaluate each negation:
   • Incoherent → discard
   • Already explored → check if conditions have changed (see brainstorm skill, Framework 5)
   • Unexplored and coherent → potential research direction

Negation Hall of Fame in CS:

TRIZ-Inspired Principles for CS:

Framework 6: Abstraction and Generalization Laddering

Moving up and down the abstraction ladder is a fundamental creative act. Polya's heuristics formalize this: "Can you solve a more general problem? A more specific one? An analogous one?"

Three Moves:

Generalization Workflow:

1. State your specific result
2. Replace each specific element with a variable: "ResNet works for ImageNet" → "Architecture X works for distribution Y"
3. Ask: Under what conditions does this hold? What is the general principle?
4. If the general principle is novel → that is the contribution

Specialization Workflow:

1. Take a general method
2. Add extreme constraints: tiny data, huge dimensionality, adversarial inputs, real-time requirements
3. Ask: Does the method still work? If not, why not?
4. The failure case often reveals the method's true assumptions

When to Generalize vs. Specialize:

• Generalize when you have results but no explanation
• Specialize when you have theory but no grounding
• Analogize when you are stuck in either direction

Framework 7: The Adjacent Possible (Kauffman / Johnson)

Stuart Kauffman's concept, popularized by Steven Johnson: innovation happens at the boundary of what is currently reachable — the adjacent possible. New ideas become thinkable once their prerequisites exist. This explains why simultaneous independent discovery is so common — multiple people reach the same boundary.

Practical Implication: Map what has recently become possible and explore the space those enablers open.

Adjacent Possible Mapping Workflow:

1. List recent enablers (last 1-3 years):
   • New hardware capabilities (longer context, faster inference, new accelerators)
   • New datasets or benchmarks
   • New open-source tools or frameworks
   • New theoretical results
   • New regulatory or social conditions
2. For each enabler, ask: "What was previously impossible or impractical that this now permits?"
3. Combine enablers: The most powerful adjacent possibles arise from the intersection of multiple new enablers
4. Check for competition: If many people can see the same adjacent possible, speed or a unique angle matters

Current Adjacent Possibles (2025-2026):

Timing Signal: If your idea requires technology that doesn't exist yet, it's beyond the adjacent possible — park it. If your idea could have been done 5 years ago, someone probably did — check the literature. The sweet spot is ideas that became feasible in the last 6-18 months.

Framework 8: Janusian and Dialectical Thinking

Albert Rothenberg's studies of eminent creators found that holding two contradictory ideas simultaneously is a hallmark of creative thinking. Named after Janus, the two-faced Roman god, this mode of thinking doesn't resolve contradictions by choosing a side — it generates new frameworks that transcend the opposition.

In CS: The most influential results often emerge from tensions previously thought irreconcilable.

Dialectical Thinking Workflow:

1. Identify a binary in your field: A vs. B (two approaches, goals, or paradigms treated as opposites)
2. Resist choosing a side. Instead ask:
   • "What would a system look like that achieves both A and B?"
   • "Under what conditions is the A-B trade-off not fundamental?"
   • "Is the opposition an artifact of how we formalized the problem?"
3. Seek synthesis: The resolution often requires a new abstraction that reframes the relationship
4. Test the synthesis: Can you demonstrate empirically that both goals are achievable?

Self-Check:

• Am I holding the contradiction genuinely (not prematurely resolving it)?
• Is the synthesis a new idea, not just a compromise (splitting the difference)?
• Does the resolution change how people think about the problem, not just the solution?

Combining Frameworks: A Creative Thinking Protocol

These frameworks are most powerful in combination. Here is a systematic protocol for a deep creative thinking session:

Phase 1: Map the Space (15 min)

1. Constraint Manipulation (F4): List all constraints of the current paradigm. Mark which are hard, soft, hidden.
2. Adjacent Possible (F7): List recent enablers that change the feasibility landscape.

Phase 2: Generate Disruptions (30 min)

3. Negation (F5): Negate 3 soft/hidden constraints. What systems emerge?
4. Bisociation (F1): Pick a distant field and create a cross-product matrix with your domain.
5. Problem Reformulation (F2): Restate your problem 3 different ways (change objective, formalism, agent).

Phase 3: Deepen Promising Leads (30 min)

6. Analogical Reasoning (F3): For each promising idea, find a structural analogy and extract predictions.
7. Abstraction Laddering (F6): Move each idea up (generalize) and down (specialize).
8. Janusian Thinking (F8): Identify any tensions. Can you synthesize rather than choose?

Phase 4: Evaluate (15 min)

Apply the two-sentence test (from the brainstorm skill):

"[Domain] currently struggles with [problem] because [reason]. We [approach] by [mechanism], which works because [insight]."

Any idea that survives all four phases and passes the two-sentence test is worth pursuing.

Common Creative Blocks and Unblocking Strategies

Usage Instructions for Agents

When a researcher asks for help with creative thinking or novel ideation:

1. Assess the block: What kind of thinking are they stuck in? (See Common Creative Blocks table)
2. Select 2-3 frameworks based on the block type
3. Walk through each framework interactively, asking the researcher to supply domain-specific content
4. Push for structural depth: If an analogy or combination is surface-level, probe deeper
5. Maintain a running list of all generated ideas, even unusual ones
6. Apply the two-sentence test to candidates that survive exploration
7. Hand off to the brainstorm skill for systematic evaluation (diverge → converge → refine)

Key Principles:

• Generative mode first, evaluative mode second — do not filter prematurely
• Distant analogies are more valuable than nearby ones, but require more validation
• The researcher's domain expertise is essential — the agent provides the cognitive scaffolding, not the domain knowledge
• Encourage the researcher to sit with contradictions rather than resolve them quickly