Imported from terminalskills/skills (skills/minimind/SKILL.md). Install upstream with npx skills add terminalskills/skills --skill minimind. Copyright stays with the author (Apache-2.0).

MiniMind

Overview

Train a 64M parameter GPT language model from scratch in ~2 hours on a single GPU. Understand every component of LLM architecture by building one yourself — from tokenizer training to RLHF alignment. The architecture tracks Qwen3/Qwen3-MoE, so patterns you learn here apply directly to full-scale models.

Source: jingyaogong/minimind (45k+ stars)

Instructions

1. Clone and install

git clone https://github.com/jingyaogong/minimind.git
cd minimind
pip install -r requirements.txt
python download_data.py

2. Pretrain on raw text

python train_pretrain.py \
    --data_path ./data/pretrain_data.jsonl \
    --model_config ./config/minimind-3.yaml \
    --epochs 2 \
    --batch_size 32 \
    --learning_rate 5e-4

3. Supervised fine-tuning (SFT)

python train_sft.py \
    --pretrained_model ./checkpoints/pretrain/best.pt \
    --data_path ./data/sft_data.jsonl \
    --epochs 3 \
    --batch_size 16 \
    --learning_rate 1e-5

4. RLHF alignment (optional)

python train_dpo.py \
    --model_path ./checkpoints/sft/best.pt \
    --preference_data ./data/dpo_pairs.jsonl

Multiple alignment methods: DPO (simplest), PPO (classic), GRPO (DeepSeek-style).

5. Run inference

python inference.py --model_path ./checkpoints/dpo/best.pt

Or start an OpenAI-compatible API server:

python api_server.py --model_path ./checkpoints/sft/best.pt --port 8000

Examples

Example 1: Full training pipeline on a single GPU

Train a 64M parameter model from scratch on an NVIDIA RTX 3090:

git clone https://github.com/jingyaogong/minimind.git && cd minimind
pip install -r requirements.txt
python download_data.py

python train_pretrain.py    # ~1h — learns language patterns
python train_sft.py         # ~30min — learns to follow instructions
python train_dpo.py         # ~20min — aligns with human preferences

python inference.py --model_path ./checkpoints/dpo/best.pt
# > What is machine learning?
# Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence where systems
# learn patterns from data rather than being explicitly programmed...

Total cost: ~$3 in GPU rental or ~2 hours on your own hardware.

Example 2: LoRA fine-tuning for a specific domain

Fine-tune the base model on medical Q&A data using LoRA (parameter-efficient):

python train_lora.py \
    --base_model ./checkpoints/sft/best.pt \
    --data_path ./data/medical_qa.jsonl \
    --lora_rank 8 \
    --lora_alpha 16

SFT data format:

{
  "conversations": [
    {"role": "user", "content": "What are the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes?"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, slow-healing wounds, and unexplained weight loss..."}
  ]
}

Example 3: Python API for programmatic inference

from model import MiniMindModel
from tokenizer import MiniMindTokenizer

model = MiniMindModel.from_pretrained("./checkpoints/sft/best.pt")
tokenizer = MiniMindTokenizer("./tokenizer/tokenizer.model")

prompt = "Explain how attention works in transformers"
input_ids = tokenizer.encode(prompt)
output = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=256, temperature=0.7)
print(tokenizer.decode(output))

Guidelines

GPU requirements: 64M model needs ~4GB VRAM (RTX 3090 recommended); even a GTX 1660 works (slower)
MoE variant available at 198M total / 64M active parameters — needs ~8GB VRAM
Pre-built datasets on HuggingFace: pretrain corpus, SFT pairs, DPO preference pairs, tool-use examples
Multi-GPU supported via DDP and DeepSpeed for larger variants
Not production-grade — MiniMind is an educational tool. It won't match GPT-4, but teaches you every component: tokenizer, embeddings, attention, FFN, training dynamics, RLHF
Architecture uses GQA attention, SwiGLU FFN, RMSNorm, and RoPE with YaRN — matching production model patterns

minimind

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